jerry lewis will invalidNews

jerry lewis will invalid


He stated, "I think we are the most dedicated industry in the world. [citation needed], Similarly, varied musicians have mentioned Lewis in song lyrics including, Ice Cube, The Dead Milkmen, Queen Latifah, and Frank Zappa. [citation needed], He mocked citizens' lack of pride in their country, stating, "President Bush is my president. quoting Chris Fujiwara, "The Patsy is a film so radical that it makes comedy out of the situation of a comedian who isn't funny. "[citation needed], Not yet curricula at universities or art schools, film studies and film theory were avant-garde in early 1960s America. (2009). Who Is Kathy Hilton's Husband? Gerald escapes as frogmen from a yacht machine-gun the beach. "[160], Lewis was at the forefront in the transition to independent filmmaking, which came to be known as New Hollywood in the late 1960s. Uploading 2 Photos. 2 Photos Uploaded. [125] In April 2002, Lewis had a Medtronic "Synergy" neurostimulator implanted in his back,[127] which helped reduce the discomfort. "[164], As a director, Lewis advanced the genre of film comedy with innovations in the areas of fragmented narrative, experimental use of music and sound technology, and near surrealist use of color and art direction. In one of his last interviews, he told Inside Edition about his love for Danielle. Lewis and Pitnick, a former Las Vegas dancer, married in 1983 and adopted Danielle in 1992. A tribute to Lewis was held during the 2011 telethon (which originally was to be his final show bearing his name with MDA). He went on to star in Three on a Couch (1966), The Merv Griffin Show, WayWay Out (1966), The Sammy Davis Jr. Show, Batman, Laugh In, Password, a pilot for Sheriff Who, a new version of The Jerry Lewis Show, this time as a one-hour variety show for NBC, which ran from 1967 to 1969,[43] The Big Mouth (1967), Run for Your Life and The Danny Thomas Hour. [citation needed], Lewis observed that political speeches should not be at the Oscars. Martin's participation became an embarrassment in 1954 when Look magazine published a publicity photo of the team for the magazine cover but cropped Martin out. [173] Lewis wrote in The Total Filmmaker, his belief in breaking the fourth wall, actors looking directly into the camera, despite industry norms. The.Bellboy - Jerry Lewis 1960 1/2. His cause of death was determined to be end-stage cardiac disease, paired with peripheral artery disease. Lewis is the only one today who's making courageous films. American comedian, actor and filmmaker (19262017). Speaking of The King of Comedy, "More contemporary satirists like Garry Shandling, Steve Coogan and Ricky Gervais owe at least some of their self-deconstructing chops to Lewis's generously unappetizing turn in Scorsese's cult classic. He then sang a rendition of a song he'd learned as a child, "Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody" along with "Come Rain or Come Shine". September 2, 1972. With prototypically slick, '50s linesthe wall-to-wall carpeting and teak tablesJerry Lewis's private quarters were as controlled as his public persona was not. He then moves into a succession of jobs that he gets himself fired from including a gas . Free shipping for many products! Lewis and Palmer were married for 36 years from 1944-1980. Invalid Zip Code. She added that he "didn't always receive the praise he deserved in his home country . He was also famed for his life-long telethon fundraisers in aid. "[171] His self directed films abound in behind-the-scene reveals, demystifying movie-making. [204], Also on SNL, the Martin and Lewis reunion on the 1976 MDA Telethon is reported by Chevy Chase on Weekend Update. Piscopo also channeled Jerry Lewis while performing as a 20th-century stand-up comedian in Star Trek: The Next Generation; in the second-season episode "The Outrageous Okona", Piscopo's Holodeck character, The Comic, tutors android Lieutenant Commander Data on humor and comedy. [citation needed] His motto summed up the philosophy behind his years of devotion to MDA: "I shall pass through this world but once. Among the recurring characters were Chinese detective Hong Kong Flewis and his rotund son, One Ton Son; his father, Professor Lewis; and his sister Geraldine (and her pet frog, Spot). Two months later, in February 1983, Lewis underwent open-heart double-bypass surgery. Daniel Fairfax writes in Deconstructing Jerry: Lewis as a Director, "Lewis deconstructs the very functioning of the joke itself". Notably wild in their style were the opening credits and commercial bumpers. They reunited several times publicly, and sometimes privately according to interviews they gave to magazines. [107][113][114][115][116][117][118], In February 1994, a man named Gary Benson was revealed to have been stalking Lewis and his family. "United States Census, 1930," database with images, "Obituary: Jerry Lewis, comedian and filmmaker, dies at 91", "Newark natives recall antics of Jerry Lewis", Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Foundation, "Jerry Lewis facts, information, pictures Encyclopedia.com articles about Jerry Lewis", "Jerry Lewis and Dean Martin: Inside the Beloved Comedy Duo's Bitter Split and Long-Awaited Reunion", "Norman Lear Looks Back on Early Days as TV Comedy Writer", "52G to Simmons, Lear to do five Martin-Lewis TV shows", "When Jerry Met Dean-Again, on Live Television", "Image of record cover for Jerry Lewis single recording of "Rock-A-Bye Baby", "Jerry Lewis' Foreseeable $10-Mil From Paramount During Next 7 Years", "Method to The Maddess of Jerry Lewis the DVD Review", "Jerry Lewis, Nonpareil Genius of Comedy, Dies at 91", "Jerry Lewis' Nutty Professor' musical opens in Nashville", "The Family Jewels (1965) Senses of Cinema", "Clown: teaser for unfinished Jerry Lewis Documentary", "Theater Review: Damn Yankees; Finally, Jerry Lewis Is on Broadway", "Jerry Lewis Nonpareil Genius of Comedy Dead at 91", "Watch the Most Painfully Awkward Interview of 2016: 7 Minutes with Jerry Lewis", "Jerry Lewis To Honor Robin Williams At Legionnaires Of Laughter Awards", "Comedian Jerry Lewis dies at 91, publicist says", "Video assist predates Jerry Lewis 'patent', "The slapstick, the telethons, 'L-a-a-a-dy!' In films such as The Ladies Man (1961), The Disorderly Orderly (1964), The Patsy (1964) and Cracking Up (1983), there is either neuroticism, schizophrenia, or both that drive the plot. [citation needed] In later years, both Lewis and Martin admitted frustration with Wallis for his formulaic and trite film choices, restricting them to narrow, repetitive roles. In 1990, Lewis wrote and directed a short film for UNICEF's How Are The Children? 836,783 admissions (France) [1] The Bellboy is a 1960 American comedy film written, produced, directed by and starring Jerry Lewis. The film opens with a brief montage of clips from past Lewis movies. Born on 16 Mar 1943. Lewis later revealed that Paramount was not happy about financing a "silent movie" and withdrew backing. 9 of 12 The will also stated SanDee and the couple's adopted daughter, Danielle , inherited "all of my tangible personal property and household effects." Unfortunately, one day at the ocean he reels in Syd Valentine, an injured gangster in a scuba diving suit. [26] This was followed by an appearance on Welcome Aboard on October 3, 1948, and by a guest stint on Texaco Star Theater in 1949. It was later put on DVD and shown at Deutsches Filminstitute. [69] The songs "Smile" (by Charlie Chaplin), "What the World Needs Now Is Love" (by Jackie DeShannon) and "You'll Never Walk Alone" (by Rodgers and Hammerstein) have been used for the telethon's intro, tote board totals and outro. Lewis guest starred on Pink Lady in 1980, then made a comeback to the big screen in Hardly Working (1981), after an 11-year absence from film. [citation needed], In addition to Lewis's name, each Jerry Lewis Cinema bore a sign with a cartoon logo of Lewis in profile. They say that mankind goes back to the first guy which everyone tries to copy. The team appeared on What's My Line? 68. "He was of sound mind and he had his reasons.". Jerry Lewis was reported to have had a strained relationship with the six children from his first marriage, and that relationship was apparently not mended before the legendary comedian's death. Lewis left the entire estate to his second wife, Sandee, and their daughter, Danielle, who was adopted 25 years ago. Another story surfaced that Lewisfathered an illegitimate child who is now homeless. [citation needed]. Mainstream movie reviewers such as Pauline Kael, were dismissive of auteur theory, and others, seeing only absurdist comedy, criticized Lewis for his ambition and "castigated him for his self-indulgence" and egotism. Zip Code. 3 on the Billboard charts, staying near the top for four months and selling a million and a half copies. It: raised the largest sum ever in a single event for humanitarian purposes, in 1974; had the greatest amount ever pledged to a televised charitable event, in 1980 (from the Guinness Book of World Records); was the first to be seen by 100 million people, in 1985; celebrated its 25th anniversary, in 1990; saw its highest pledge in history, in 1992; and was the first seen worldwide via internet simulcast, in 1998. When that failed (as Petrillo was under 18 at the time), Lewis tried to blackball Petrillo by pressuring television outlets and then nightclubs,[223] also threatening legal action after Petrillo used his Lewis impersonation in the film Bela Lugosi Meets a Brooklyn Gorilla.[224]. [158] Kehr wrote that Lewis was "one of the great American filmmakers".[159]. As Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote: Lewis had "the impulse to deconstruct and even demolish the fictional "givens" of any particular sketch, including those that he might have dreamed up himself, a kind of perpetual auto-destruction that becomes an essential part of his filmmaking as he steadily gains more control over the writing and direction of his features. That is the Queen of England, you moron. in 1954, the 27th annual Academy Awards in 1955, The Steve Allen Show and The Today Show in 1956. In 1952, after another appeal, Lewis hosted New York area telethons until 1959 and in 1954, fought Rocky Marciano in a boxing bout for MDA's fund drive. In February 1957, Lewis followed Garland at the Palace Theater in New York and Martin called on the phone during this period to wish him the best of luck. In 2009, his youngest son Joseph died of a drug overdose, and one of the other sons, Gary, blamed it on their father. [46] He then starred in a revival of Hellzapoppin with Lynn Redgrave, but closed on the road before reaching Broadway. Memorial has already been . In The Simpsons, the character of Professor Frink is based on Lewis's Julius Kelp from The Nutty Professor. from 1956 to 1966 and then guest starred on The Tennessee Ernie Ford Show. For example, an interview withGQmagazine confirmed that he had an affair with Marilyn Monroe, even while he was married. Because his estate used a will, which became a public document, we know that Jerry Lewis very deliberately excluded all of the children from his first marriage to Patti Palmer, from inheriting anything from his estate. [4][5] His parents were Daniel "Danny" Levitch (19021980), a master of ceremonies and vaudevillian who performed under the stage name Danny Lewis, whose parents immigrated to the United States from the Russian Empire to New York, and Rachael "Rae" Levitch (ne Brodsky; 19031983), a WOR radio pianist and Danny's music director, from Warsaw. "Most screen comedies until that time were not especially cinematicthey tended to plop down the camera where it could best capture the action and that was it. The three major networks began a bidding war, wooing Lewis for his own talk show, which debuted the following year. "[145] .mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}. In 1985, Lewis directed an episode of Brothers, appeared at the first Comic Relief in 1986, where he was the only performer to receive a standing ovation, was interviewed on Classic Treasures and starred in the ABC television movie Fight for Life (1987). In 1982 and 1983, Lewis appeared on Late Night with David Letterman and in The King of Comedy, as a late-night TV host, plagued by two obsessive fans, in which he received wide critical acclaim and a BAFTA nomination for this serious dramatic role. But after a decade the chain failed and both Lewis and National Cinema Corporation declared bankruptcy in 1980. The resulting negative publicity caused him to sue his insurer for US$100million. Second in line to inherit his fortune, should something happen to his wife, is his 25-year-old adopted daughter Danielle. A three-part retrospective Martin & Lewis: Their Golden Age of Comedy, aired on The Disney Channel in 1992, using previously unseen kinescopes from Lewis's personal archive, highlighted his years as part of a team with Martin and as a soloist. Writing for the Los Angeles Times in 2005, screenwriter David Weddle lauded Lewis's audacity in 1959 "daring to declare his independence from the studio system". Jerry also reportedly had a love child whom he never mentioned and she is homeless but getting nothing.Inside Edition caught up with her: [39][40], In 1963, he had a cameo role in It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963) and fully starred in Tashlin's Who's Minding the Store? [142][143] In his will, Lewis left his estate to his second wife of 34 years, SanDee Pitnick, and their daughter, and explicitly disinherited his children from his first marriage and their children. For his 1957 NBC special, Lewis held his ground when southern affiliates objected to his friendship with Sammy Davis, Jr.[citation needed] In a 1971 Movie Mirror magazine article, Lewis spoke out against the Vietnam War when his son Gary returned from service traumatized. I was completely unnerved to be alone". [47] In 1979, he guest hosted as ringmaster of Circus of the Stars. All Rights Reserved. As his contributions to comedy and charity made him a global figure in pop culture, Lewis was nicknamed "The King of Comedy". All About Rick Hilton, Who Is Prince Andrew's Ex-Wife? Following this, Lewis took a break from the movie business for several years. Family law attorney Debra Opri, who does not represent the Lewis estate, spoke to Inside Edition about the clause. [74] Over 200 research and treatment facilities were built with donations raised by the Jerry Lewis telethons. Hollywood", "Amy Schumer GQ's 15 Funniest People Alive", "Legendary comedian Jerry Lewis performs sold-out show at Culpeper State Theatre State Theatre of Culpeper", "The French Really Do Love Jerry Lewis, Call Him "Akin to Godard"But Why?! He then was a guest on an episode of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. When it came to how he lived . I believe he partly died of a broken heart. [125][127], Lewis suffered numerous heart problems throughout his life; he revealed in the 2011 documentary Method to the Madness of Jerry Lewis that he suffered his first heart attack at age 34 while filming Cinderfella in 1960. By 1951, with an appearance at the Paramount Theatre in New York, they were a hit. This forced him to cancel a show in Sydney. During his book tour for Dean and Me, he also said a factor for the film's burial was that he was not proud of the effort. [38] Bill Richmond collaborated with him on many of the sight gags. [213][214] In 1998, The MTV animated show Celebrity Deathmatch had a clay-animated fight to the death between Dean Martin and Lewis. The couples sixth child Joseph died of a drug overdose in 2009. All six uncles and the bodyguard were played by Lewis. DNA tests and an uncannyfamily resemblance both confirm that Jerry Lewis was her dad. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for JERRY LEE LEWIS 7 VINYL LPS JOB LOT - SHE STILL COMES AROUND, MONSTERS at the best online prices at eBay! [157] Dave Kehr, a film critic and film curator for the Museum of Modern Art, wrote in The New York Times of Lewis's "fierce creativity" and "the extreme formal sophistication of his direction". Don't do that because they will usurp your energy. From the outset he was generous." It was reported in the Australian press that he had failed to pay his medical bills. According to his Last Will and Testament, provided to PEOPLE by The Blast, the funnyman emphatically cut out all six children he had with his first wife Patti Palmer meaning they will inherit nothing. [31] Decca Records heard it, liked it and insisted he record an album for them. The duo gained attention as a double act with Martin serving as the straight man to Lewis's zany antics. [66] "That Americans can't see Jerry Lewis's genius is bewildering," says N. T. Binh, a French film magazine critic. His students included George Lucas, whose friend Steven Spielberg sometimes sat in on classes. Married to Patti Palmer from 1944 to 1980, Lewis was a father to six sons. He had an incredible career in stand-up comedy and acting, and also did great work for the Muscular Dystrophy Association. anthology exploring the rights of children worldwide. He was one of the company's leading spokesmen. As a filmmaker who insisted on the personal side of his workwho was producer, writer, director, star, and over-all boss of his productions in the interest of his artistic conception and passionhe was an auteur by temperament and in practice long before the word traveled Stateside. GREAT NEWS! In Family Guy, Peter recreates Lewis's 'chairman of the board' scene from The Errand Boy. [38] As a result, he made his debut as film director of The Bellboy (1960), which he also starred in. [81], In 2010, Lewis met with seven-year-old Lochie Graham, who shared his idea for "Jerry's House", a place for vulnerable and traumatized children. Jerry encounters a man who's been turned into a gorilla. Meanwhile, he directed an unsold pilot for Permanent Waves. And I don't allow my children to do that. They had five biological children and one adopted child. Paramount Pictures, needing a quickie movie for its summer 1960 schedule, held Lewis to his contract to produce one. Will The Real Jerry Lewis Please Sit Down contained several ethnic (notably Asian) stereotypes. A typical episode found Jerry being assigned a job, and making a complete shambles of it in his harmless, naive way.[4]. Richard Brody of The New Yorker said Lewis was "one of the most original, inventive, profound directors of the time" and "one of the most skilled and original comic performers, verbal and physical, ever to appear on screen". [206] Comedian and actor Jim Carrey satirized Lewis on In Living Color in the sketch "Jheri's Kids Telethon". [citation needed], Lewis, and Martin & Lewis, as himself or his films, have been referenced by directors and performers of differing genres spanning decades, including Andy Warhol's Soap Opera (1964), John Frankenheimer's I Walk the Line (1970), Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather (1972), Randal Kleiser's Grease (1978), Rainer Werner Fassbinder's In a Year of 13 Moons (1978), Robert Zemeckis's Back to the Future (1985), Quentin Tarantino's Four Rooms (1995), Martin Scorsese's Gangs of New York (2002), Hitchcock (2012), Ben Stiller's The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (2013), Jay Roach's Trumbo (2015), The Comedians (2015), Baskets (2016) and The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017, 2018). [216] In their film Paul's Boutique A Visual Companion, clips from The Nutty Professor play to "The Sounds of Science". On June 12, 2012, he was treated and released from a hospital after collapsing from hypoglycemia at a New York Friars Club event. This "sharp-eyed" satire continued in his mature work, commenting on the cult of celebrity, the machinery of 'fame', and "the dilemma of being true to oneself while also fitting into polite society". Suzan Lewis is living homeless and destitute in Philadelphia. The film was released on DVD on October 12, 2004, July 15, 2014 in a 4-film collection, 4 Film Favorites: Jerry Lewis, with The Bellboy, The Ladies Man, and The Patsy, and March 15, 2021. [155] As Lewis was often referred to as the bridge from Vaudeville to modern comedy, Carl Reiner wrote after Lewis's death, "All comedians watch other comedians, and every generation of comedians going back to those who watched Jerry on the Colgate Comedy Hour were influenced by Jerry. Lewis appeared as guest on Good Morning America, The Dick Cavett Show, NBC Follies, Celebrity Sportsman, Cher, Dinah! [93], Lewis wed Patti Palmer (ne Esther Grace Calonico; 19212021), a singer with Ted Fio Rito, on October 3, 1944. [219] In a 2016 episode of the podcast West Wing Weekly, Joshua Malina is heard saying "flaven" when trying to remember a character's correct last name. "[147] Placed in the context of the conservative era, his antics were radical and liberating, paving the way for future comedians Steve Martin, Richard Pryor, Andy Kaufman, Paul Reubens, and Jim Carrey. [123], Lewis suffered from a number of chronic health problems, illnesses and addictions related both to aging and a back injury sustained in a comedic pratfall. The Errand Boy at IMDb; The Errand Boy at the TCM Movie Database; The Errand Boy at . [88][89][90], In 1998, at the Aspen U.S. [citation needed], Using the Fontainebleau Hotel in Miami as his setting on a small budget, with a very tight shooting schedule Lewis shot the film during the day and performed at the hotel in the evenings. [citation needed], They then starred in their own series of 14 new films, At War with the Army (1950), That's My Boy (1951), Sailor Beware (1952), Jumping Jacks (1952), The Stooge (1952), Scared Stiff (1953), The Caddy (1953), Money from Home (1953), Living It Up (1954), 3 Ring Circus (1954), You're Never Too Young (1955), Artists and Models (1955), Pardners (1956) and Hollywood or Bust (1956), all produced by Hal B. Wallis and appeared on Bing Crosby and Bob Hope's Olympic Fund Telethon. Upon his passing, Jerry Lewis' net worth sat somewhere around $50 million. Jerry Lewis epitomized that. As a humanitarian, philanthropist and "number one volunteer", Lewis supported fundraising for research into muscular dystrophy. He left behind a wife, six children from a previous marriage, one adopted daughter, and an estate worth an estimated $50 million. Las Vegas was also the home of his annual Labor Day MDA telethon. The theme song was sung in a contemporary "bubblegum" style, with the song interrupted before the end of its final verse with the title of the show intoned in a scolding manner by an announcer (Howard Morris) who stretched out the word "please" and shouted "sit down". [citation needed], Live performances became a staple of Lewis' career and over the years he performed at casinos, theaters, and state fairs. 'Sex and the City' Cast: Where Are They Now? [80], In 1973, Lewis appeared on the 1st annual 20-hour Highway Safety Foundation telethon, hosted by Davis Jr. and Monty Hall. Jerry Lewis, the legendary actor and comedian, has died, his talent agency said Sunday. [63], Lewis traveled to medical schools for seminars on laughter and healing with Dr. Clifford Kuhn and also did corporate and college lectures, motivational speaking and promoted the pain-treatment company Medtronic. | Jerry Lewis: Lifelong Comedy and Pain", "Jerry Lewis Rushed to Hospital After Friars Club Collapse (Report)", "90-Year-Old Jerry Lewis Breaks Down In Tears While Discussing Death", "Jerry Lewis 'making progress' after hospitalization", "Coroner: Jerry Lewis death was from end-stage heart disease", "Celebrities, loved ones remember comedian Jerry Lewis", "Jerry Lewis' actual kids excluded from his will", "The Slapstick, The Telethons, The Laaady! Even comics who never took a pratfall in their careers owe something to the self-deprecation Jerry introduced into American show business. 216 miles. Lewis's agent Jeff Witjas confirmed that he died at his home in Las Vegas . Memorial has already been merged. In 1966, after 17 years, and with no explanation, Lewis left Paramount and signed with Columbia Pictures where he tried to reinvent himself with more serious roles.[3]. "Not only would Lewis's efforts as a director pave the way for the likes of Mel Brooks and Woody Allen, but it would reveal him to be uncommonly skilled in that area as well." Fewer still had advanced the still-radical notion that comedy doesn't always have to be funny, just fearless, in order to strike a nerve". Professor Lewis's newest invention creates a macho clone of Jerry. The voice and boyish, naive cartoon character SpongeBob SquarePants is partially based on Lewis, with particular inspiration from his film The Bellboy. Comic legend Jerry Lewis is having thelast laugh on his own children, reportedly cutting all six sons out of his will. During his partnership with Martin, they made several recordings together, charting at No. "It was putting the knife in and turning it," Antho. Lewis is survived by his second wife, SanDee Pitnick, whom he married in 1983, and their daughter; and by five sons from his first marriage, to Patti Palmer, which ended in divorce.

Do You Know The Muffin Man Words Shrek, Distinct Ideas Of Karol Wojtyla About Intersubjectivity, Fort Myers Car Accident Yesterday, The Earliest Primaries Are Held In Which Two States?, Articles J